Traditional Remediation Measures
Traditional remediation measures include (Coduto, 1999):
-Constant pumping of the ground water will mean the soil is not fully saturated.
-This method is very expensive in the long term.
-Due to the high viscosity of these types of grout they do not distribute evenly over the site and form grout columns, limiting the effectiveness of the method (Gallagher, Pamuk and Abdoun, 2007).
-During an earthquake a greater proportion of the dynamic loading will then be absorbed by increasing contact forces rather than by increasing pore water pressure.
However, at developed sites, it may be difficult or impossible to improve the soil using conventional methods(Gallagher, Pamuk and Abdoun, 2007; Gallagher, Conlee and Rollins, 2007). A large proportion of sites that require remediation measures against liquefaction are already developed. Permeation with nanoparticles can potentially offer a remediation solution that has virtually no ground disturbance.
Traditional remediation measures include (Coduto, 1999):
- Excavating liquefaction-prone soils and replacing them with a compacted fill.
- Groundwater pumping to lower the groundwater table.
-Constant pumping of the ground water will mean the soil is not fully saturated.
-This method is very expensive in the long term.
- Solidifying the soil using chemical or cement grout.
-Due to the high viscosity of these types of grout they do not distribute evenly over the site and form grout columns, limiting the effectiveness of the method (Gallagher, Pamuk and Abdoun, 2007).
- Using in-situ methods to increase the soil’s relative density, improving its liquefaction resistance.
-During an earthquake a greater proportion of the dynamic loading will then be absorbed by increasing contact forces rather than by increasing pore water pressure.
- Gravel drains
However, at developed sites, it may be difficult or impossible to improve the soil using conventional methods(Gallagher, Pamuk and Abdoun, 2007; Gallagher, Conlee and Rollins, 2007). A large proportion of sites that require remediation measures against liquefaction are already developed. Permeation with nanoparticles can potentially offer a remediation solution that has virtually no ground disturbance.
References
Coduto, D. P., 1999. Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Das, B.M., 1983. Fundamentals of Soil Dynamics. New York: Elsevier
Gallagher, P. M., Conlee, C. T. and Rollins, K. M., 2007. Full-Scale Field Testing of Colloidal Silica Grouting for Mitigation of Liquefaction Risk. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(2), pp. 186-196.
Gallagher, P. M. and Mitchel, J. K., 2002. Influence of colloidal silica grout on liquefaction potential and cyclic undrained behaviour of loose sane. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Issue 22, pp. 1017-1026.